What does the 'back-end' nuclear fuel cycle involve?

The 'back-end' of the nuclear fuel cycle specifically refers to the processes involved after nuclear fuel has been used in a reactor. This includes the management and disposal of spent nuclear fuel, which is highly radioactive and requires careful handling and storage to ensure safety and environmental protection.

The key aspects of the back-end cycle include the cooling of spent fuel, potential reprocessing to recover usable isotopes, and the long-term storage or disposal in geological repositories. Effective management is vital to mitigate the risks associated with radiation and to ensure that spent fuel does not pose a threat to human health or the environment.

Understanding the back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle is crucial for the sustainable use of nuclear power, as it addresses the challenges presented by waste management and the need for safe long-term disposal options.