What is the difference between ‘high-level waste’ and ‘low-level waste’?

The distinction between high-level waste and low-level waste is fundamentally based on their radioactivity levels and the corresponding handling and disposal requirements. High-level waste is classified as highly radioactive materials that result from nuclear reactors or the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. Due to its significant radioactivity and heat generation, it necessitates specialized disposal measures, typically involving deep geological formations that can safely isolate the waste from the environment for thousands of years.

In contrast, low-level waste contains materials that have lower levels of radioactivity. This type of waste can include items like contaminated clothing, medical equipment, and other materials used in medical or industrial applications. Low-level waste, while still requiring careful management, can often be disposed of in designated sites that do not require the same rigorous containment strategies needed for high-level waste.

This clear differentiation in radioactivity levels and disposal methods makes understanding waste categorization critical for safety and environmental protection in nuclear engineering.