What is the primary function of ion exchange in nuclear waste treatment?

The primary function of ion exchange in nuclear waste treatment is to exchange active ions for non-active ions. This process involves the transfer of ions from the nuclear waste to an ion exchange resin that contains non-radioactive ions. By replacing radioactive ions in the waste with non-radioactive ions, the overall radioactivity of the waste decreases. This method is particularly effective for removing certain contaminants, such as cesium and strontium, which are common in nuclear waste and contribute significantly to its radioactivity.

Ion exchange plays a crucial role in reducing the volume and hazard of liquid radioactive waste before it is disposed of or processed further. The selectivity of the ion exchange process allows for the targeted removal of specific isotopes, leading to a more manageable waste form that can be stored or treated more safely.

Other processes, such as evaporation or conversion to gaseous forms, are distinct methods that serve different purposes in waste treatment but do not utilize the specific mechanism of ion exchange. Regenerating active ions is not a function of ion exchange in this context, as the goal is to diminish the presence of radioactive ions rather than regenerate them.